Chemical Reactions Are Basis of Our Life Essay

Chemical reactions are the basis of life on earth. As human beings, we are little more than the naturally abundant elements of which we are composed and the reactions between the compounds that they form. After all, how could life exist without water? Oxygen transport in a body the size of the human body would be impossible without the aid of a complex like hemoglobin. Besides being the basis of many of life’s intangibles, chemistry also plays an active role in our daily lives. Take for instance everyday household cleaning. If you’re like me, you like to eat off of clean dishes, prepare food on a clean surface, and use clean restroom facilities. Taking the cleaning of any of these areas into your own hands requires a little chemical knowledge. Have you ever scrubbed away at some grease or oil that just won’t come out? That’s because we are used to most of the â€Å"gunk† that we clean up being a polar substance. Water is also a polar substance, and since like dissolves like, most polar substances dissolve easily in water. However, when we introduce water to big greasy hydrocarbon chains (usually called alkanes, or fats and oils as we know them), the water just slides right over them and our plate stays greasy. This is because fats, oils, and waxes are nonpolar substances. If instead of using water we used less polar mineral spirits (not recommended on food prep items), those greasy alkanes would be dissolved in no time. Solubility concerns are clearly at the forefront of chemistry in the home. For two substances to be soluble in one another, they must be composed of similar materials, as we saw in the case with water and other polar substances. The interaction between water and nonpolar substances in science is termed the â€Å"hydrophobic effect,† meaning literally â€Å"water fearing. † On a cellular level, there are many consequences of this effect, but the same is true in the macroscopic world. For instance, the â€Å"greasy† feeling your skin gets when it hasn’t been cleaned in some time is due to sebum, a hydrophobic substance your body secretes as a protecting layer. Interestingly, many people wash this layer off in the shower only to replace it with â€Å"skin moistening† lotions containing lanolin, which is nothing more than sheep sebum. Another solubility problem occurs when Coke is spilled on the floor, creating a sticky mess that doesn’t seem to clean up with any normal household cleaning agents. This is because one of the main ingredients in any soda is phosphoric acid, which is a sticky mess in and of itself, not to mention the sugars and other sticky components found in most sodas. Luckily, phosphoric acid dissolves easily in water, making water (and lots of it) typically the best way to clean up this sort of spill. Acid/base chemistry also finds its way into our everyday lives. For instance, have you ever touched your car battery only to find that seconds later, you are feeling a tingling or burning sensation? This is because the battery acid is performing a dehydration reaction on your skin. That is, water is being pulled from your tissue in a chemical reaction. Luckily, armed with your knowledge of acid/base chemistry, you quickly sprinkle some baking soda on the offending acid, neutralizing its harmful effects. Or perhaps you’ve eaten some particularly spicy food or just have a little acid reflux. It’s milk to the rescue in these cases. The slightly basic milk will neutralize the slightly acidic foods in no time. So before you shove those chemistry books into the attic to gather dust, before you decide that there’s just no application to a science so complex, think again. Chemistry permeates all of our daily lives whether we think about it every day or not. There is much more to chemistry than the biological reactions occurring inside of us. Chemistry is all around us.

The Vampire Diaries: The Struggle Chapter Four

â€Å"But he's got to have a doctor. He looks like he's dying!† said Bonnie. â€Å"He can't. I can't explain right now. Let's just get him home, all right? He's wet and freezing out here. Then we can discuss it.† The job of getting Stefan through the woods was enough to occupy everyone's mind for a while. He remained unconscious, and when they finally laid him out in the back seat of Matt's car they were all bruised and exhausted, in addition to being wet from the contact with his soaking clothes. Elena held his head in her lap as they drove to the boarding house. Meredith and Bonnie followed. Elena gently eased Stefan's head down and slipped out of the car, and saw one of the windows in the house brighten as a curtain was pushed aside. Then she saw a head and shoulders appear at the window, looking down. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers!† she called, waving. â€Å"It's Elena Gilbert, Mrs. Flowers. We've found Stefan, and we need to get in!† The figure at the window did not move or otherwise acknowledge her words. Yet from its posture, Elena could tell it was still looking down on them. â€Å"Mrs. Flowers, we have Stefan,† she called again, gesturing to the lighted interior of the car. â€Å"Please!† â€Å"Elena! It's unlocked already!† Bonnie's voice floated to her from the front porch, distracting Elena from the figure at the window. When she looked back up, she saw the curtains falling into place, and then the light in that upstairs room snapped off. It was strange, but she had no time to puzzle over it. She and Meredith helped Matt lift Stefan and carry him up the front steps. Inside, the house was dark and still. Elena directed the others up the staircase that stood opposite the door, and onto the second-floor landing. From there they went into a bedroom, and Elena had Bonnie open the door of what looked like a closet. It revealed another stairway, very dim and narrow. â€Å"Who would leave their – front door unlocked – after all that's happened recently?† Matt grunted as they hauled their lifeless burden. â€Å"She must be crazy.† â€Å"Sheis crazy,† Bonnie said from above, pushing the door at the top of the staircase open. â€Å"Last time we were here she talked about the weirdest – † Her voice broke off in a gasp. â€Å"What is it?† said Elena. But as they reached the threshold of Stefan's room, she saw for herself. She'd forgotten the condition the room had been in the last time she'd seen it. Trunks filled with clothing were upended or lying on their sides, as if they'd been thrown by some giant hand from wall to wall. Their contents were strewn about the floor, along with articles from the dresser and tables. Furniture was overturned, and a window was broken, allowing a cold wind to blow in. There was only one lamp on, in a corner, and grotesque shadows loomed against the ceiling. â€Å"What happened?† said Matt. Elena didn't answer until they had stretched Stefan out on the bed. â€Å"I don't know for certain,† she said, and this was true, if just barely. â€Å"But it was already this way last night. Matt, will you help me? He needs to get dry.† â€Å"I'll find another lamp,† said Meredith, but Elena spoke quickly. â€Å"No, we can see all right. Why don't you try to get a fire going?† Spilling from one of the gaping trunks was a terry cloth robe of some dark color. Elena took it, and she and Matt began to strip off Stefan's wet and clinging clothes. She worked on getting his sweater off, but â€Å"Matt, could you – could you hand me that towel?† As soon as he turned, she tugged the sweater over Stefan's head and quickly wrapped the robe around him. When Matt turned back and handed her the towel, she wound it around Stefan's throat like a scarf. Her pulse was racing, her mind working furiously. No wonder he was so weak, so lifeless. Oh, God. She had to examine him, to see how bad it was. But how could she, with Matt and the others here? â€Å"I'm going to get a doctor,† Matt said in a tight voice, his eyes on Stefan's face. â€Å"He needs help, Elena.† Elena panicked. â€Å"Matt, no†¦ please. He – he's afraid of doctors. I don't know what would happen if you brought one here.† Again, it was the truth, if not the whole truth. She had an idea of what might help Stefan, but she couldn't do it with the others there. She bent over Stefan, rubbing his hands between her own, trying to think. What could she do? Protect Stefan's secret at the cost of his life? Or betray him in order to save him? Would it save him to tell Matt and Bonnie and Meredith? She looked at her friends, trying to picture their response if they were to learn the truth about Stefan Salvatore. It was no good. She couldn't risk it. The shock and horror of the discovery had nearly sent Elena herself reeling into madness. If she, who loved Stefan, had been ready to run from him screaming, what would these three do? And then there was Mr. Tanner's murder. If they knew what Stefan was, would they ever be able to believe him innocent? Or, in their heart of hearts, would they always suspect him? Elena shut her eyes. It was just too dangerous. Meredith and Bonnie and Matt were her friends, but this was one thing she couldn't share with them. In all the world, there was no one she could trust with this secret. She would have to keep it alone. She straightened up and looked at Matt. â€Å"He's afraid of doctors, but a nurse might be all right.† She turned to where Bonnie and Meredith were kneeling before the fireplace. â€Å"Bonnie, what about your sister?† â€Å"Mary?† Bonnie glanced at her watch. â€Å"She has the late shift at the clinic this week, but she's probably home by now. Only – â€Å" â€Å"Then that's it. Matt, you go with Bonnie and ask Mary to come here and look at Stefan. If she thinks he needs a doctor, I won't argue any more.† Matt hesitated, then exhaled sharply. â€Å"All right. I still think you're wrong, but – let's go, Bonnie. We're going to break some traffic laws.† As they went to the door, Meredith remained standing by the fireplace, watching Elena with steady dark eyes. Elena made herself meet them. â€Å"Meredith†¦ I think you should all go.† â€Å"Do you?† Those dark eyes remained on hers unwaveringly, as if trying to pierce through and read her mind. But Meredith did not ask any other questions. After a moment she nodded, and followed Matt and When Elena heard the door at the bottom of the staircase close, she hastily righted a lamp that lay overturned by the bedside and plugged it in. Now, at last, she could take stock of Stefan's injuries. His color seemed worse than before; he was literally almost as white as the sheets below him. His lips were white, too, and Elena suddenly thought of Thomas Fell, the founder of Fell's Church. Or, rather, of Thomas Fell's statue, lying beside his wife's on the stone lid of their tomb. Stefan was the color of that marble. The cuts and gashes on his hands showed livid purple, but they were no longer bleeding. She gently turned his head to look at his neck. And there it was. She touched the side of her own neck automatically, as if to verify the resemblance. But Stefan's marks were not small punctures. They were deep, savage tears in the flesh. He looked as if he had been mauled by some animal that had tried to rip out his throat. White-hot anger blazed through Elena again. And with it, hatred. She realized that despite her disgust and fury, she had not really hated Damon before. Not really. But now†¦ now, shehated. She loathed him with an intensity of emotion that she had never felt for anyone else in her life. She wanted to hurt him, to make him pay. If she'd had a wooden stake at that moment, she would have hammered it through Damon's heart without regret. But just now she had to think of Stefan. He was so terrifyingly still. That was the hardest thing to bear, the lack of purpose or resistance in his body, the emptiness. That was it. It was as if he had vacated this form and left her with an empty vessel. â€Å"Stefan!† Shaking him did nothing. With one hand on the center of his cold chest, she tried to detect a heartbeat. If there was one, it was too faint to feel. Keep calm, Elena, she told herself, pushing back the part of her mind that wanted to panic. The part that was saying, â€Å"What if he's dead? What if he's really dead, and nothing you can do will save him?† Glancing about the room, she saw the broken window. Shards of glass lay on the floor beneath it. She went over and picked one up, noting how it sparkled in the firelight. A pretty thing, with an edge like a razor, she thought. Then, deliberately, setting her teeth, she cut her finger with it. The pain made her gasp. After an instant, blood began welling out of the cut, dripping down her finger like wax down a candlestick. Quickly, she knelt by Stefan and put her finger to his lips. With her other hand, she clasped his unresponsive one, feeling the hardness of the silver ring he wore. Motionless as a statue herself, she knelt there and waited. She almost missed the first tiny flicker of response. Her eyes were fixed on his face, and she caught the minute lifting of his chest only in her peripheral vision. But then the lips beneath her finger quivered and parted slightly, and he swallowed reflexively. â€Å"That's it,† Elena whispered. â€Å"Come on, Stefan.† His eyelashes fluttered, and with dawning joy she felt his fingers return the pressure of hers. He swallowed again. Those green eyes were dazed and heavy, but as stubborn as she had ever seen them. â€Å"No,† Stefan said, his voice a cracked whisper. â€Å"You have to, Stefan. The others are coming back and bringing a nurse with them. I had to agree to that. And if you're not well enough to convince her you don't need a hospital†¦Ã¢â‚¬  She left the sentence unfinished. She herself didn't know what a doctor or lab technician would find examining Stefan. But she knew he knew, and that it made him afraid. But Stefan only looked more obstinate, turning his face away from her. â€Å"Can't,† he whispered. â€Å"It's too dangerous. Already took†¦ too much†¦ last night.† Could it have been only last night? It seemed a year ago. â€Å"Will it kill me?† she asked. â€Å"Stefan, answer me! Will it kill me?† â€Å"No†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice was sullen. â€Å"But – â€Å" â€Å"Then we have to do it. Don't argue with me!† Bending over him, holding his hand in hers, Elena could feel his overpowering need. She was amazed that he was even trying to resist. It was like a starving man standing before a banquet, unable to take his eyes from the steaming dishes, but refusing to eat. â€Å"No,† Stefan said again, and Elena felt frustration surge through her. He was the only person she'd ever met who was as stubborn as she was. â€Å"Yes. And if you won't cooperate I'll cut something else, like my wrist.† She had been pressing her finger into the sheet to staunch the blood; now she held it up to him. His pupils dilated, his lips parted. â€Å"Too much†¦ already,† he murmured, but his gaze remained on her finger, on the bright drop of blood at the tip. â€Å"And I can't†¦ control†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"It's all right,† she whispered. She drew the finger across his lips again, feeling them open to take it in; then, she leaned over him and shut her eyes. His mouth was cool and dry as it touched her throat. His hand cupped the back of her neck as his lips sought the two little punctures already there. Elena willed herself not to recoil at the brief sting of pain. Then she smiled. Before, she had felt his agonizing need, his driving hunger. Now, through the bond they shared, she felt only fierce joy and satisfaction. Deep satisfaction as the hunger was gradually assuaged. Her own pleasure came from giving, from knowing that she was sustaining Stefan with her own life. She could sense the strength flowing into him. In time, she felt the intensity of the need lessen. Still, it was by no means gone, and she could not understand when Stefan tried to push her away. â€Å"That's enough,† he grated, forcing her shoulders up. Elena opened her eyes, her dreamy pleasure broken. His own eyes were green as mandrake leaves, and in his face she saw the fierce hunger of the â€Å"It isn't enough. You're still weak – â€Å" â€Å"It's enough foryou. † He pushed at her again, and she saw something like desperation spark in those green eyes. â€Å"Elena, if I take much more, you will begin to change. And if you don't move away, if you don't move away from meright now †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Elena withdrew to the foot of the bed. She watched him sit up and adjust the dark robe. In the lamplight, she saw that his skin had regained some color, a slight flush glazing its pallor. His hair was drying into a tumbled sea of dark waves. â€Å"I missed you,† she said softly. Relief throbbed within her suddenly, an ache that was almost as bad as the fear and tension had been. Stefan was alive; he was talking to her. Everything was going to be all right after all. â€Å"Elena†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Their eyes met and she was held by green fire. Unconsciously, she moved toward him, and then stopped as he laughed aloud. â€Å"I've never seen you look like this before,† he said, and she looked down at herself. Her shoes and jeans were caked with red mud, which was also liberally smeared over the rest of her. Her jacket was torn and leaking its down stuffing. She had no doubt that her face was smudged and dirty, and sheknew her hair was tangled and straggly. Elena Gilbert, immaculate fashion plate of Robert E. Lee, was a mess. â€Å"I like it,† Stefan said, and this time she laughed with him. They were still laughing as the door opened. Elena stiffened alertly, twitching at her turtleneck, glancing around the room for evidence that might betray them. Stefan sat up straighter and licked his lips. â€Å"He's better!† Bonnie caroled out as she stepped into the room and saw Stefan. Matt and Meredith were right behind her, and their faces lit with surprise and pleasure. The fourth person who came in was only a little older than Bonnie, but she had an air of brisk authority that belied her youth. Mary McCullough went straight over to her patient and reached for his pulse. â€Å"So you're the one afraid of doctors,† she said. Stefan looked disconcerted for a moment; then, he recovered. â€Å"It's sort of a childhood phobia,† he said, sounding embarrassed. He glanced sideways at Elena, who smiled nervously and gave a tiny nod. â€Å"Anyway, I don't need one now, as you can see.† â€Å"Why don't you let me be the judge of that? Your pulse is all right. In fact, it's surprisingly slow, even for an athlete. I don't think you're hypothermic, but you're still chilled. Let's get a temperature.† â€Å"No, I really don't think that's necessary.† Stefan's voice was low, calming. Elena had heard him use that voice before, and she knew what he was trying to do. But Mary took not the slightest notice. â€Å"Open up, please.† â€Å"Here, I'll do it,† said Elena quickly, reaching to take the thermometer from Mary. Somehow, as she did so, the little glass tube slipped out of her hand. It fell to the hardwood floor and smashed into several pieces. Uh, I'm sorry! you're not dangerously ill. I can'tmake you go to the clinic. But I'd strongly suggest you get a checkup tomorrow.† â€Å"Thank you,† said Stefan, which, Elena noticed, was not the same as agreeing. â€Å"Elena,you look as if you could use a doctor,† said Bonnie. â€Å"You're white as a ghost.† â€Å"I'm just tired,† Elena said. â€Å"It's been a long day.† â€Å"My advice is to go home and go to bed – and stay there,† Mary said. â€Å"You're not anemic, are you?† Elena resisted the impulse to put a hand to her cheek. Was she so pale? â€Å"No, I'm just tired,† she repeated. â€Å"We can go home now, if Stefan's all right.† He nodded reassuringly, the message in his eyes for her alone. â€Å"Give us a minute, will you?† he said to Mary and the others, and they stepped back to the staircase. â€Å"Good-bye. Take care of yourself,† Elena said aloud as she hugged him. She whispered, â€Å"Why didn't you use your Powers on Mary?† â€Å"I did,† he said grimly in her ear. â€Å"Or at least I tried. I must still be weak. Don't worry; it'll pass. â€Å"Of course, it will,† said Elena, but her stomach lurched. â€Å"Are you sure you should be alone, though? What if – â€Å" â€Å"I'll be fine. You're the one who shouldn't be alone.† Stefan's voice was soft but urgent. â€Å"Elena, I didn't get a chance to warn you. You were right about Damon being in Fell's Church.† â€Å"I know. He did this to you, didn't he?† Elena didn't mention that she'd gone searching for him. â€Å"I – don't remember. But he's dangerous. Keep Bonnie and Meredith with you tonight, Elena. I don't want you alone. And make sure no one invites a stranger into your house.† â€Å"We're going straight to bed,† Elena promised, smiling at him. â€Å"We won't be inviting anybody in.† â€Å"Make sure of it.† There was no flippancy in his tone at all, and she nodded slowly. â€Å"I understand, Stefan. We'll be careful.† â€Å"Good.† They kissed, a mere brushing of lips, but their joined hands separated only reluctantly. â€Å"Tell the and Meredith could go back with Elena. Mary was still clearly suspicious about the night's goings-on, and Elena couldn't blame her. She also couldn't think. She was too tired. â€Å"He said to say ‘thanks' to all of you,† she remembered after Matt had left. â€Å"He's†¦ welcome,† Bonnie said, splitting the words with an enormous yawn as Meredith opened the car door for her. Meredith said nothing. She had been very quiet since leaving Elena alone with Stefan. Bonnie laughed suddenly. â€Å"One thing we all forgot about,† she said. â€Å"The prophecy.† â€Å"What prophecy?† said Elena. â€Å"About the bridge. The one you say I said. Well, you went to the bridge and Death wasn't waiting there after all. Maybe you misunderstood the words.† â€Å"No,† said Meredith. â€Å"We heard the words correctly all right.† â€Å"Well, then, maybe it's another bridge. Or†¦ mmm†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Bonnie snuggled down in her coat, shutting her eyes, and didn't bother to finish. But Elena's mind completed the sentence for her.Or another time. An owl hooted outside as Meredith started the car.

Athlete and (a type of supplement) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Athlete and (a type of supplement) - Essay Example The study aimed to asses the effect of these on strength, body composition, and plasma glutamine levels during a 10 week, supervised resistance training program. The results revealed that there was no change in plasma glutamine levels in either group. The group, which received whey isolate, showed a significantly greater gain in lean mass, change in fat mass and improvements in strength, when compared to the group, which received casein. Burke et al., 2001, assessed the muscular adaptations, which occurred in 36 males randomly assigned to supplementation with whey protein alone, whey protein and creatine monohydrate, or placebo. The results indicated that the group, which supplemented with whey protein, had greater improvement in knee extension peak torque and lean tissue mass than those who trained with placebo. Those who supplemented with a combination of whey protein and creatine had greater increases in lean tissue mass and bench press than those who supplemented with only whey protein or placebo. However, it was noted that not all strength measures were improved with supplementation; the group who supplemented with creatine and/or whey protein and the placebo group had similar increases in squat strength and knee flexion peak torque. Cribb et al., 2007, aimed to examine the effects of whey protein (WP) and creatine monohydrate (CrM) (both separately and in combination), on body composition, muscle strength, fiber-specific hypertrophy (i.e., type I, IIa, IIx), and contractile protein accrual during a 11-week structured, supervised RE program. This was a double-blind randomized study involving resistance-trained males placed into one of the four groups: creatine/carbohydrate (CrCHO), creatine/whey protein (CrWP), whey protein (WP) only, or carbohydrate only (CHO). Assessments (completed the week before and after the RE program) included strength (1RM, three exercises), body composition (DEXA), and vastus lateralis

Juries are fundamental to our adversarial criminal justice process and Essay

Juries are fundamental to our adversarial criminal justice process and the only real guarantee of fairness between the State (as prosecutor) and the Individual - Essay Example In the case of a trial by jury, a decision is rendered by a group of nine individuals who may be drawn from different backgrounds, thereby bringing a depth of understanding of problems that single judges may not possess. According to Janata, â€Å"it is the mix of different persons with different backgrounds and psychological traits in the jury room that produces the desired results.† (Janata, 1976: 595-596). This feature may imbue juries with a greater ability to discern and make accurate determinations about the credibility of witnesses and the validity of arguments being offered, especially in criminal trials, especially because a jury is able to evaluate witnesses, plaintiffs and defendants from their perspective as ordinary citizens. Judges may sometimes get mired in the legal formalities and procedures to such an extent it may impede their intuitive judgments. There is also a greater possibility of bias arising when a single judge makes a decision on a case, particularly when it is a criminal case. In the case of a jury trial, the decision rendered is the cumulative effect of group deliberation, after the input and reflections from the different members comprising the jury are assimilated. Hence, a jury has the advantage of collective recall and weighing up of factors impacting upon a case. Since each fact is explored and discussed in a group, it allows a group scrutiny where bias is more likely to be eliminated than in the case of a single Judge. Jury trials have been advocated as an effective measure to bring justice to citizens, especially in criminal trials where jurors are believed to be better able to make assessments and judgments about character and believability of witnesses. Gastill and Weiser (2006) argue in favor of jury trials on the basis that being a part of a jury can spur greater levels of civil engagement from juror citizens and thereby provide a spur for real, deliberative democracy. While jurors do not make policy decisions, the

Trade without borders Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Trade without borders - Essay Example It can also be stated that tariffs and trade in the national territories of these two economies have profoundly affected their business activities through various channels of commodity specifications, technology assistances as well as the benefits of influx socio-cultural diversities (Hornok, â€Å" Trade Without Borders: Trade Effect of EU Accession by Central and Eastern European Countries†). The paper intends to discuss on the advantages and disadvantages of trade without borders by analyzing the available relevant information in relation to the trade affairs performed within Canada and the US. The paper also aims to provide recommendations to small business owners in obtaining the complete benefits of trade liberalization. Undoubtedly, in the present day context, international trade activities play a crucial role in determining economic growth through capital inflows. Cross-border trade liberalization has also been considered as strongly influencing in relation to the labor migration activities and business cycles of the economy. From a critical perspective, the initiatives to eradicate borders when liberalizing trade render greater opportunity of growth to the traders in a less risky business environment. This in turn serves as a supportive attribute towards economic growth and sustainability at large (Caporale and Girardi, ‘Business Cycles, International Trade and Capital Flows: Evidence from Latin America’; LSE, ‘International Trade and International Capital Flows: A Theoretical Perspective’). The liberalized trade activities practiced in the developed economic structure of Canada can be illustrated with reference to increasing amount of exports to various regions of the US, especially from the small business sector of the nation. Stating precisely, the survey conducted by Canadian Federation of Independent Business (CFIB) also stated that trade practices are mostly performed by small business

Will Global Warming Heat up Or Cool Down the Economy Essay

Will Global Warming Heat up Or Cool Down the Economy - Essay Example These changes in precipitation in turn increase the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events like floods, droughts, heat waves, hurricanes and tornados. The effects of these severe weather disturbances range from lower agricultural yields, glacial retreat, less summer stream flows, extinction of species and increase in the number of disease vectors (Wikipedia). The scientific community is now nearly unanimous in heaping the blame for global warming on human activities, with only a small minority of the scientists absolves man for the phenomenon. But the persistent debate centers somewhere else, such as on how much worse climate change will occur in the future, and what needs to be done to reverse or at least reduce it. The relationship between global warming and hurricanes is another subject that is hotly debated. If the world's climatic scientists agree on one thing, it is on the superlative force of Hurricane Katrina, which swept across the Americas and Europe in 2004. The consensus is that no natural calamity in memory matched the scope and magnitude of the damage it wrought on lives, property and the economy. But the suspected link between weather events like Katrina and global warming is yet to be proven. Research by a group of German scientists argues that the devastating floods in central Europe in 2002, for example, were perfectly normal events based on historical record (Murray, I., 2006). Other hurricane scientists agree that there is no way to blame global warming for Hurricane Katrina. Allegations that extreme weather events had become more damaging lately do not take into account the fact that human beings now live and invest resources in more dangerous areas, such as mountainside and seacoasts. The increase in the recorded number of these weather disturbances may be due to better observation and reporting methods. Thus, when the Inter-government Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) claimed that global warming exacerbated the 2004 hurricane season that produced Katrina, a top IPCC expert resigned in January 2005 in complete disagreement. Philip Klotzbach of the Colorado State University says that based on his own studies, most increases in Category 4-5 hurricanes between the period 1986-95 and 1996-2005 are due to improved observation technology. This indicates that other factors dictate the intensity and frequency of tropical cyclones. There is as yet no scientific consensus that global warming will cause damaging climate change, notwithstanding claims by UNEP, IPICC and the US National Academy of Sciences that there is such a growing agreement. But the scientists do agree that the global average temperature is rising. What the scientists don't know yet are: 1) whether past temperature changes should be attributed to carbon dioxide levels; 2) predicting future temperature levels confidently and accurately; and 3) what temperature change levels would be damaging to life on earth. The NAS itself says that the 20 years' worth of knowledge and data on this discipline is not long and sufficient enough to estimate long-term trends.

Comparing the novel of 'jesus's son' by Denis Johnson with the movie Essay

Comparing the novel of 'jesus's son' by Denis Johnson with the movie of 'jesus's son' - Essay Example He tries to explain in the connection of the short stories, through the different aspects of the drug connection the author articulate a different take on drug abuse. On the other had the movie is a compilation of the short stories with parts of the book edited to fit the characters. The book is detailed, which gives the reader a chance to make images of descriptions articulated in the book. The main issue is that the main character is involved in a flow. The movie borrows Johnson’s ideas on the stories of the characters. The contemporary fiction is made in the 70s fashion of the hippies and junkies. Some will protest that the scenes in the movie push too freely against one another citing it as a description of a squashy narrative in which the guns go wrong and the cars lack have brakes in some people’s perspective. I believe the short stories are accurate for an account concerning druggies. Their lives are too sporadic, the good times, lows settle out into detached esc apades and story, estranged by emptiness, and pass outs. The movie is not as indulging as the books since people have different opinions on what they see more compared to the things they read. The book and the move have several differences, which are going to be tackled. The first difference in the movie that the book does not depict is the character ambiguity. The main character does not resemble the books character. The movie is strongly presented in the fashion of the 70s where it was a clear directionless time and the characters take the audience spinning from the moments of hilarity to the heartbreak. The book is geared to making the people to change the drug trends into respectability. The author takes the reader into the dungeons of drug use and hopelessness with the aim to give the reader the extent of drug abuse in the society. The movie has a different take n the drugs. It does not condemn or appraise the use of drugs but gives the reader the point of view of a survivor. T he lives of the characters are framed so episodically to add up to the novels depictions of the stories these difference makes the book more interactive and fluid compared to the movie. With disconnects depicted in the movie, characters come out to give the audience the feelings of desperations they have. The author coined the book depicting the Para-realities of the characters as they aspire to walk in the tattered cruelties that they bring on themselves and the deplorable treacheries. The movie lacks the oomph the author put in the expression of the Para-realities. For instance, the unlovely trauma that the narrator’s girlfriend has that eh author explains with no excuses or apology. The lies in the relationships and the constant reliance on the company of their fellow drug users is more clear in the book as compared to the novel where it is faded. The imagery of the title is not given more emphasis in the movie. Rather the producer gave the movie a velvet underground in it s entirety. Another clear character difference is the lack of plot in the film where the producer did not have one. The movie is told in complete flashbacks watering the books purpose that the author had on the flow of the events of the druggies depicted in the book. The swearing in the movie characters dilutes the articulation of the books information. The characters have several arguments where they have they

Knowledge management structures in NATO versus the United Nations Essay

Knowledge management structures in NATO versus the United Nations - Essay Example n and knowledge far better then it was previously possible, knowledge management in organizations has also the added dimension of interaction, knowledge sharing, communication and analysis. A lot of organizational knowledge is contained in the heads of personnel within the organizations. Because humans have a finite life – span and ambitions about better opportunities, all organizations have structures which not only create new knowledge but also transfer existing knowledge to those in need of it. The nature of the knowledge which is important to an organization is dependant on the task or mission which the organization is expected to perform and different organizations may have different requirements associated with the speed, reliability, volume of information or knowledge which has to be communicated for organizational use. The knowledge management structures which are put into place within organizations are shaped by the organizational requirements for knowledge management , which are different for various organizations. In this essay, an attempt has been made to compare the knowledge management structures within NATO with those which exist in the United Nations. NATO, which is a military alliance, has a requirement to manage large amounts of information which can quickly become obsolete and convert this information into knowledge for reliable and secure communications for the use of designated personnel. The pace at the United Nations is more leisurely. Hence, the knowledge management structures at these two organizations are slightly different. The term knowledge management refers to the management of intellectual capital which has bee described as: â€Å"Intellectual capital is intellectual material – knowledge, information, intellectual property, experience – that can be put to use to create wealth. It is the collective brainpower†. The term knowledge is subjective to the organizational and social context in which it is being thought of. Knowledge

Industrial Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Industrial Business Management - Essay Example Not a cure –all, it has definite limitations- just as it has great possibilities and excellent record of accomplishments. Operations research broadens and formalizes the basic principles of scientific management and uses the methods long applied to problems in physical science. When a business man faced with a marketing problem that involves variables employs algebra to calculate the best time to sell his product, he is using the operations research approach. Instead of studying insects, or atoms, or heart diseases, like most sciences, operations research studies men and machines in action. And it employs the talents of a team of scientists, rather than man. Operations research teams include physicist, political scientist, mathematician, economists, engineers, psychologists, and on down the line of practically every science- physical, biological, social or human. Faced with a problem, an operations research team gathers every piece of information which bears on the situation. These dates are translated into mathematical terms by using the tools of algebra and calculus, differential equations, geometry, statistics, and symbolic logic, among others. What is appalling to layman, however makes good sense to the operations research specialist. ... Operations research does not have to include mathematics however, it can be simple too. Operations research is therefore, is an applied science utilizing all known scientific techniques as tools in solving a specific problem. It is likely however that the operations research should not be classed as a branch of engineering. It is an organized activity with more or less defined methodology of attacking new problems and finding definite solution. The operations research technique is most useful in military operations than in non – military operations. The most important single mathematical tool of operations research is probability and statistical theory. The data upon which the research is based will come, for the most part, from statistical studies of operations. Statistical analysis is part of the observational aspect of operations research. The operations research is successfully practiced in military operations One of the classical example is that of depth setting of a â₠¬Ëœdepth charge’ (a kind of bomb used for underwater explosion at pre – specified depths) to be dropped by an aircraft against submarines. Initially, the attacks were unsuccessful as the submarines were reported sunk. Using available data and simple analysis it became clear that if the depth setting was reduced and the pilots were instructed not to drop the depth charge if the submarines had already submerged for more than half a minute, one would expect the average number of submarine sunk for a given number of attacks by more than two times. Thus there was no need to develop and influence fuze to improve the effectiveness of depth charge. This recommendation was accepted and implemented. Subsequently, enemy intelligence reported that perhaps a

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay Example for Free

African-American Civil Rights in the Years 1950 to 1962 Essay Explain how far the views in Source B differ from those in Source A in relation to President Eisenhower and the desegregation of education. Both sources illustrate Eisenhower’s negative opinion on desegregation in schools. Both criticise and portray Eisenhower’s intolerance of black people as Source states Eisenhower’s comment that white people ‘ are concerned about is that their sweet little girls are not required to sit in school alongside some big overgrown Negroes’ . Eisenhower’s ‘sympathises’; the south as he originates there himself, the intolerance could be considered to be part of the South’s culture and behaviour to be intolerant of the black people, it is arguable that this effected Eisenhower’s political judgement . The fact that Eisenhower came from military background after spending 44 years of his life in service, would have influenced his decisions and opinions on desegregation as military camps were segregated and Eisenhower would have been use to this system. He once again agues from the South’s point of view in Source B, ‘I don’t believe you can change the hearts of men with laws and decisions’ this once again supports the point I made before. Evidence of his intolerance was regretting appointing Earl Warren as chief of justice ‘the biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ he obviously was very against the decision and never wanted desegregation. The similarities continue as both sources shows the reluctance of helping the black people through desegregation. Source A comments that he didn’t show a clear support for the Supreme Court decision to desegregate schools, ‘his silence encouraged massive resistance’. His political and personal opinions were colliding with each other making his actions limited. Source B shows proof of his reluctance also as it stated three years later he finally protects the little rock 9 with a federal army in 1957. This was the first time Eisenhower showed support of segregation however; it was a ‘weak act’ from Eisenhower. It could be possible that he felt that it was his study as the president not himself supporting civil rights for the black people. However, the sources do differ in the fact that source B states a more positive view on Eisenhower even thought it was considered ‘weak’. As already stated Eisenhower While in presidency did not actively support desegregation and had reservations about the Brown decision, he understood his constitutional responsibility to uphold the federal authority and the law. Eisenhower ordered federal troops to guard and Little Rock and protect black students as they walked to school. He therefore became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. As Source A’s tone is very negative as it quotes intolerant views on the African Americans, it insinuates that Eisenhower is very against African Americans being part of a ‘white society’ this contrast with the little rock 9 as he aids the black people into the school, after his comments it would been unlikely to help the black people but he does. To conclude: source A and B are very similar as they both voice the intolerance and his lack of support Eisenhower gave to the African-Americans. I agree with the source as from my own knowledge he was very against civil rights because of his Sothern influence. His views on desegregation was transparent from his actions and that’s what source and B illustrate (12 Marks) (B) Use Source A, B and C and your own knowledge. How important was the Supreme Court in the development of African-American civil rights in the years 1950 to 1962? The Supreme Court is the highest federal court in the US, consisting of nine justices and taking judicial precedence over all other courts in the nation. The Supreme Court would have benefited every African- American with their decisions of passing and lifting laws if they succeeded in winning their cases. It allowed them to have legal rights with in the country and legally be equal to the white people. However, the self-esteem of the African Americans was low due to the intolerance of the white people therefore figures such as Rosa Parks, Martin Luther King and support of political figures such as Kennedy allowed them to be brave and a sense of pride in gaining equality. Therefore, the Supreme Court could be considered less important than other figures and factors that occurred between 1950 and 1962. Source A and B discuss the Brown vs. Topeka’s Board of Education verdict in 1954. The Supreme Court passed the law of desegregated schools by the chief of Justice Earl Warren. He was criticised for his decision such as President Eisenhower, who had shared his annoyance with Warren by stating that is was the ‘biggest damn fool mistake he ever made’. The silence of Eisenhower’s support on desegregation caused massive resistance along with the indirect deadline for when desegregation is to commence. Hence, Brown 2 in 1955 was the attempt to get a clearer deadline than before. However, disappointingly the verdict was ‘with all deliberate speed’ it was still vague and prolonged the wait for desegregation. The Supremes’ role in this particular situation helped civil rights as it declared more equality within America however turned to a hindrance as it become a battle of when it will happen. The decision also caused further problems for the African- Americans as Little Rock complied with the high court’s laws and decided to desegregate there all white school. The NAACP submitted nine students originally to join the school and gradually bring more in and settled them slowly. However, it wasn’t that simply as the 9 students went to enter their school they was verbally abused and tormented by the white southerners, Eisenhower had to submit federal assistance to help them into school , this is stated in source B as it had taken 3 years to show any support from Eisenhower and the south to finally accept desegregation . Eisenhower’s federal involvement was then became the first president since Reconstruction to use federal troops to protect the rights of African Americans. However, since Brown vs. education Source C states that McLaurin vs. Oklahoma rules that universities too have to follow the desegregation law and that you ‘could not provide different treatment to a student solely because of his/her race’. This proves that the Supreme Court was furthering African American rights through all levels of education making them equal and educated. This is another influence the Supreme Court had over monumental changes for the African Americans and the society around them. However, it is arguable that the Supreme Court only assisted the figures and events that immensely changed civil rights for the African Americans. Events such as the Montgomery Bus boycott in 1956 were a political and social protest. after the arrest of Rosa parks African Americans were ready to take action and regain some equality and raise the issue of how wrong it is to make a ‘tired, old lady’ to move, even if it wasn’t entirely true. The boycott was led by the group the MIA (Montgomery Improvement Association) Saturday 3rd December the black community supported each other as a lot of people avoided the busses and had to take rides with other people in the community, even though it was difficult the supporters of the cause enthusiastically agreed to continue the boycott until there was justice. The success of the black people boycotting led to economic stress were the issue of segregation would be over. The fact that one event, encourage African Americans to stand for their rights influenced and uncovered the most influential figures in civil right history and gained justice from their efforts. This is repeated again the 1960 in the Greensboro sit-in’s when African Americans refuse to move to from their seats in the Woolworths store. Their numbers increased in support and was watched by the world; even Eisenhower voiced his opinions on the matter. These nonviolent protests allowed black people to become a part of changing their future and not relying on court cases and individuals to get them there. Arguably even though they gained great success the black people didn’t have any legal hold on desegregating the bus system, thus the Browder vs. Gayle case. The Supreme Court upheld the district court’s decision in making bus’s desegregated. Without the confirmation from the Supreme Court all the black people’s efforts would have resulted to nothing without the confirmation of the Supreme Court. Rosa parks is seen in our modern day history as an inspirational civil rights leader. Her story influenced thousands of African Americans to boycott buses and gain equality. However, her image of being a ‘hard working, old, fragile women’ who wanted to rest her feet after a long day isn’t true at all. She had been an active protester and NAACP member for years and probably planned this protest to gain publicity and change. Due to her protest Martin Luther King was noticed as a civil rights figure, he had been watched from all over the world and from then on seen as the leading civil rights leader. His efforts in the SCLC created in 1957 after the Montgomery bus boycott, helped the southern African Americans who suffered from great intolerance . However, once again their efforts amounted to achieving the legalisation of equality, without the Supreme Court all their efforts went to nothing. To conclude: even though Martin Luther King is seen as the saviour of the African Americans in gaining equality and is still admired in our modern day society, it is the supreme court that allowed them legally to be treated as equals and live the lives they should live. However, without the efforts and protests the Supreme Court would never have considered to pass or all the African Americans to have the equality they gained through their efforts. Therefore, the other factors that influenced African Americans development on civil rights were more important than the Supreme Court. (2A) Explain why school were not immediately desegregated after the verdict in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of Education case of 1954 * Â  Earl Warren passed desegregation in 1954 in the Brown vs. Topeka Board of education. This was to end segregation. The NAACP appointed Thurgood to take the case and won with Earl Warren’s confirmation However, Warren didn’t set the deadline when schools should be desegregated. This prolonged desegregation and led to the court case Brown 2 in 1955 to gain directness on when desegregation will commence .However the verdict remained vague commenting that desegregation should happen with ‘all deliberate speed’ allowing desegregation, once again to be prevented from racial diversity in schools. This suggests that the Supreme Court was reluctant to desegregate schools fully due to Eisenhower’s silence and the South’s reluctance to do so. Other than the Cooper vs. Aaron case, the southern manifesto is proof of their reluctance as this was a legal document signed by 99 politicians to counter the decision on Brown vs. Education, because of the legality and not just the opinions of the south. This then makes the manifesto more than reluctance but a serious legal matter. Their claim matched the opinions of the south commenting that ‘segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The southern manifesto stated that ‘It is destroying the amicable relations between the white and Negro races’, ‘It has planted hatred and suspicion where there has been heretofore friendship and understanding’ to make their argument fair and agreeable they used the idea that desegregation will bring violence and issues to the communities when there is no need. Even though some areas (especially in the north where it was more tolerant) accepted desegregation quickly. However, a lot of the south continued segregation as they didn’t agree with the Brown vs. Board of Education, thus the southern manifesto. The build-up of tension of intolerance was at little rock. Little rock school in Arkansas decided to comply with the high court’s ruling. The NAACP submitted 9 students to the previously all white school. They was verbally abused and tormented as they entered the school, President Eisenhower had to send federal troops to protect the 9 children. This suggests that ‘fear’ that was presented in the southern manifesto was proven to be true allowing anxiety for other schools and black people to comply with desegregation. President Eisenhower originated from the south and voiced intolerance himself about the decisions of Brown vs. board of education. It was commented that his silence encouraged massive resistance to applying the new law forcefully through the country as he did not agree with the verdict. It was also claimed that he voiced annoyance about appointing Earl Warren stating that it was ‘The biggest damn fool mistake I ever made’ this is evidence of his intolerance because he disapproved of Warren’s decision. Being a military man himself he was use to the segregation system and probably agreed with the idea of ‘separate but equal’. This suggests why the Supreme Court had given vague answers of when the deadline should be on desegregation because the president wasn’t happy with the decision. To conclude: there were many factors to why desegregation wasn’t immediate however; the most important factor that contributed to preventing desegregation was the south. The fear, the legal documentation created by the south, the behaviour and the powerful leaders from the south made the desegregation difficult and tense. The South’s intolerance caused the most issues, as the north complied with high court’s decision quickly as there was less intolerance. Â  * (2B) ‘The work of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People (NAACP) was the most important reason for the desegregation of schools in the years 1950 to 1960’ * Explain why you agree or disagree with this view * The NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People) is an African-American civil rights organization in the United States, formed in 1909. Their mission is to ensure the political, educational, social, and economic equality of rights of all persons and to eliminate racial hatred and racial discrimination. They are the earliest organisation to aid African- Americans into equality. They have had many successes in desegregating schools and their efforts have gone far however, it is arguable that other organisations, figures and events that were more influential to desegregation in schools than the NAACP. * The NAACP had succeeded in other cases for the rights of black people however; it was the Brown vs. Board of Education that is considered NAACP’s victorious achievement. But, without the work of Thurgood marshal that was appointed by the NAACP the outcome might have been different. Other than being the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court he had won 29 out of the 32 he had faced. He was a very intelligent and stood for his rights after winning previous cases for the NAACP himself and a team of NAACP attorneys won Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. Other than the NAACP winning the case Thurgood who was part of the NAACP team, was an inspiration to the African Americans. However, the decision didn’t lead to an immediate change as there was no clear deadline. The NAACP and Marshall forgot to argue its urgency for change therefore, Brown 2 the case that was to get the urgency it needed however, the decision was vague as it stated ‘with deliberate speed’. The NAACP did succeed in the decision of desegregation but it had no action. NAACP helped all African American’s in need such as the Little Rock 9 in 1957. The NAACP submitted 9 students to attend the previously all white school Little Rock, this was an achievement as a lot of the south wasn’t and would not comply with the high court’s orders. However, this turned into a disadvantage as The 9 students was verbally abused, tormented and prevented to enter their new school. The NAACP however, did help them try and enter or submit them in different and safer schools. It wasn’t just Little Rock students that they helped enter schools but many. * It is arguable that other factors effected the desegregation of schools such as the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court had to pass the laws to gain legal equality, therefore the Brown vs. Education case without the Chief of Justice Earl Warren reaching the decision that segregation is unconstitutional. Desegregation would never have gone through. They pass the McLaurin vs. Oklahoma state regents, this was to desegregate universities. However, other cases were inspired by the efforts of the NAACP, and the outcome they reached in the Brown vs. board of Education Verdict. * However, it was the ordinary people that changed their future by joining protests and helping each other. Such as Linda Brown, if it wasn’t for Linda’s cause the case to bring desegregation to schools. Linda Brown was the Daughter to Oliver Brown, because of his annoyance that his daughter had to walk 6 blocks because of the Plessy vs. Ferguson ruling ‘separate but equal’ under the Jim Crow laws. Her long walks to school led to one of the most monumental events that happened for African Americans. However, Linda Brown was part one of the thirteen families that was recruited to Topeka (the area they lived in), the NAACP took the case for Brown and pursued his plan to desegregate schools. * To conclude: The NAACP efforts in desegregating schools were more important than the other factors that influenced desegregations. Without The NAACP providing lawyers such as Marshall and helping brown win his case, Oliver brown wouldn’t of won the case. I believe that the NAACP’s involvement in the desegregation of schools was the main reason and that’s why I agree with the statement.

Challenges to Community Nursing

Challenges to Community Nursing SUJATA BHARI PALIKHE CHALLENGES AND TRENDS IN COMMUNITY NURSING Community nursing is the coming together of primary health care and nursing profession with public health nursing. A community nurse not restricted to providing care to particular group or age but is encouraged to participate in all aspects of social life activities for the promotion of health and education. Community nursing as we know has come a long way in the last ten years with the change in the demography and diversity, technical advancement, educated consumers, use of alternative therapies and palliative care. Nurses are a major player towards building a healthier community, so they have to make their presence felt in each and every way possible for a healthier and disease free society. People involved in nursing profession have also been affected by the rise of electronic media and social networks like Facebook and twitters which now has a become a major factor in how a community nurse operates for the healthier society. Medical explorations in the last century has led to people live longer and have high expectations, so community nurses are required to be on their heels and ready for deviations that may come from any predefined theories .A community nurse must encourage and promote healthier living, build an operating environment and respond as required, give information and support they need for change. For nurses to make every contact count they need to understand the various attitudes and behaviors of people they are working with. The other challenge that community nurses has frequently came up with was alcohol abuse in the community and there was as a significant difference in number among the older and young, and the former is the unlikely winner as the statistics have shown. It seems to be very difficult to find out the exact cause of alcohol misuse in older people. Ethnicity, depression and loneliness are known to be the major factors for the abuse. Now, the community nurses have the difficul t role of providing integrated care for alcohol misuse. Integrated care uses pre-defined assumptions and variables such as assessment of alcohol misuse, short and long term interventions, involvement of family members and carers, legal and ethical issues and nurses need to take extreme care so that patients autonomy is not over looked as well as duty of care performed. The other major challenges facing community nurses are the fear and helplessness that they face when providing palliative care to children or young people. Simply applying the predefined models may not work as scenario changes and there may be a need of palliative care and those providing it develop very intimate relationships with everyone involved during the care process. They now need to be emotionally prepared for the end result, trying to integrate as a part of the family that they are giving the care, showing their professionalism as these nurses who are providing palliative care need to show all of these attributes to overcome the feeling of grief, emotional conflict and fear when the ultimate result i.e., death occurs .Although the Australia has seen a huge improvement in socio-economic and living standard of people there is still exists a significant gap between the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples to other Australians. This gap in the socio-economic factors has led these people with a vulnerability to chronic illnesses in people on the wrong end of the economic ladder. Now, it has become ever more important in the part of the nurses in working in the community to find out causes at the base level and find out tailored solutions to eliminate the problem. They also need to have a good knowledge of their history, culture and health at the same time show professionalism to minimize these inequalities. By the turn of the century, our social behavior has taken a significant change as we now has a found out a new way of tool to communicate and express ourselves in the society with the ever increasing use of social media. Almost every person in the community has been affected by this technological advancement and community nurses are no exceptions to it. This can have both positive and negative effects on the community and here it is up to the community nurses and their organization’s to keep up with the change and provide a better nursing service to the community. Social media provides them with a platform where they can share ideas, experiences and their take on the matter on their part .It provides them with opportunities to learn, share and engage. Community nurses are now using social media to create a sustainable and healthy community .It has offered a new dimension to how we work and communicate. It has thrown us with an opportunity to engage and build a nursing communit y irrespective of demography. Community changes with time and community nursing has to modify itself to accommodate with the changing scenarios. Nurses working in the community now have to develop strategies and make their presence count by engaging and integrating as the part of the community they are working with. Nursing professional who have been involved in palliative care of young and children are vulnerable to the emotional trauma that comes with the death of those people they have been associated with during their final stages of their life, so there should be programs to allow nurses to overcome the grief and helplessness that comes with the unwanted truth of the death of the person they have been caring .These nurses have also played a part in bringing down the gap between the rich and the poor in regards to the quality of treatment they receive and as well as treating the misuse of substance and alcohol abuse. They must also embrace the changes that have been tossed up upon them with the rise of techno logy as this will allow them to integrate into the society ever so easily and also provide people with some tailored and some predefined solutions demanded by the situations and also give s them the chance to increase their knowledge base as they are able to share and understand their interest and experiences irrespective to their geographic locations. References: Reid, F C 2013,’Lived experiences of adult community nurses delivering palliative care to children and young people in rural areas’, International Journal of Palliative Nursing 2013,vol 19,No 11,viewed on 20 March 2014,CINAHL database(EBSCO) Peate, I ’The community nurse and the use of social media’, British Journal of community nursing Vol 18, No14, viewed on 20 March 2014, CINAHL database (EBSCO). Goold,S 2011,’Nurses and midwives closing the gap in Indigenous Australian health care’,eContent Management Pty Ltd. Contemporary Nurse (2011) 37(1): 5–7 Volume 37, cited on 21 March 2014, CINAHL database(EBSCO). Jackson, D, Andrew, S Cleary, M 2012,’Family and community health nursing: challenges and moving forward’, Contemporary Nurse, Vol. 41, no.1, pp. 141-144, viewed on 23 March 2014, CINAHL database(EBSCO). Rao,T 2014 ,’The role of community nursing in providing integrated care for older people with alcohol misuse’,British Journal of Community Nursing February, 2014 Vol 19, No 2, cited on 20 April 2014,CINAHL database(EBSCO) Almond,J D 2013 ,’Community nurses need to make every contact count’,JCN Vol.27 No.5, viewed on 26 April 2014, CINAHL database(EBSCO) .0 JCN 20

Big and Small Game Site :: Essays Papers

Big and Small Game Site There is an immense amount of Internet sites on the World Wide Web that covers a broad array of topics. Two of these topics found on the internet are fishing and hunting on the Complete Resource for Fishing and Hunting site, www.fishing-hunting.com. According to the producers of the site, it is â€Å"A complete resource for fishing and hunting. Including a fishing directory, fishing tournament news, fishing reports, fishing news, fishing articles, a hunting directory, hunting news, hunting articles and much more.† (Complete Resource for Fishing and Hunting) The site truly is well designed and is what it claims; it has articles on many diverse fishing and hunting topics, articles, and directories along with a search engine to search them. Fishing-Hunting.com has a nice design to it. Using the red, white, and blue color scheme gives the site an American design. The text on the page is easy to read due to the fact that they contrast the colors nicely with the background such as the white links on the blue background. The site is easy to navigate with all the links to each of the areas on the left side of the page. While navigating the site if someone cannot find something on a specific topic they can search the site by using two search engines. The content seems to come from all types of people depending on the where it is located within the site. The articles on the site are, for the majority, from people who have experience in the topic they are writing about. Some could even be considered experts, such as Jim Porter. Porter has his own site, which states he has over 800+ published articles and his work has appeared â€Å"in [BassMaster, Bassin', Bass'N Gal], many State Game and Fish publications, and numerous newsstand magazines.† (Porter) Although some articles are written by experienced personnel on the fishing-hunting.com site, such as Porter, there are archives where people can submit their own articles for other web surfers to view. Along with submitting articles to the site, users are also able to submit their own photos to show off their big catch or big game they got in the past seasons. Big and Small Game Site :: Essays Papers Big and Small Game Site There is an immense amount of Internet sites on the World Wide Web that covers a broad array of topics. Two of these topics found on the internet are fishing and hunting on the Complete Resource for Fishing and Hunting site, www.fishing-hunting.com. According to the producers of the site, it is â€Å"A complete resource for fishing and hunting. Including a fishing directory, fishing tournament news, fishing reports, fishing news, fishing articles, a hunting directory, hunting news, hunting articles and much more.† (Complete Resource for Fishing and Hunting) The site truly is well designed and is what it claims; it has articles on many diverse fishing and hunting topics, articles, and directories along with a search engine to search them. Fishing-Hunting.com has a nice design to it. Using the red, white, and blue color scheme gives the site an American design. The text on the page is easy to read due to the fact that they contrast the colors nicely with the background such as the white links on the blue background. The site is easy to navigate with all the links to each of the areas on the left side of the page. While navigating the site if someone cannot find something on a specific topic they can search the site by using two search engines. The content seems to come from all types of people depending on the where it is located within the site. The articles on the site are, for the majority, from people who have experience in the topic they are writing about. Some could even be considered experts, such as Jim Porter. Porter has his own site, which states he has over 800+ published articles and his work has appeared â€Å"in [BassMaster, Bassin', Bass'N Gal], many State Game and Fish publications, and numerous newsstand magazines.† (Porter) Although some articles are written by experienced personnel on the fishing-hunting.com site, such as Porter, there are archives where people can submit their own articles for other web surfers to view. Along with submitting articles to the site, users are also able to submit their own photos to show off their big catch or big game they got in the past seasons.

Virtual Reality Essay -- Essays Papers

Virtual Reality Although some doubt the potential of virtual reality, the reality is our technologically dependent culture is making virtual reality a part of everyday life. Popular in video games, virtual reality allows the user to totally control a computerized character. Every action the user makes is imitated by the character and instantly displayed for the user. However, since the early 90’s, the use of virtual reality has developed and taken the spotlight past evolving video games. Virtual reality has already made its mark on fields such as aviation, medicine, and even meteorology. Where is this new technology heading in the future? According to the Millennium edition of the Wall Street Journal, â€Å"even conservative forecasts suggest education, entertainment, the workplace and the boundaries of human expression will be greatly transformed by virtual reality† (Cox 40). Increasingly advanced technology could put virtual reality in the driver’s seat of countless ind ustries. In recent years virtual reality has already been involved in several technological areas. Even those who have little knowledge about the production of virtual reality are most likely aware of its use in video games. However, many people may not be aware of the numerous other areas where it has been applied. For example, astronaut trainees have recently used virtual reality to simulate a trip to space. Medical students have substituted a carcass for a fiberglass mould of a body and a headset when training to perform surgery. A popular online chat is developing into a society of interactive, animated users. Introducing virtual reality to the real world has already proven to be beneficial for every industry it encounters. Welcome to the new world of virtual technology, the advantages have only begun. Virtual reality (VR), as defined by The Newbury House Dictionary of American English, is experiencing events that seem like real life by putting on special eye glasses, hearing devices ad gloves attached to a computer. With the help of these hardware devices, the VR user’s actions totally control of the computer’s resulting actions. This control sets virtual reality apart from previously developed technologies. Because of the amazingly fast processing speed of the computer, VR accepts the user’s every move and displays the differences in the virtual environment. .. ...on of any course in the world. After the ball hits the screen, it continues its path in the game. This game is extremely realistic, because the game reads the balls trajectory, power, direction and even spin when it is hit. I once played 18 holes at Augusta, one of the most premier courses in the world, and I didn’t even leave Ohio. These examples are just some of the possibilities virtual reality will bring to our future. Introducing virtual reality into the future will prove to be a benefit for our society. Several important issues involving virtual reality have previously been discussed. Surgery and surgical training are extremely crucial processes in which virtual reality has shown to be beneficial. Astronaut training is another critical procedure. Jim Newman, highly experienced in space, stated himself that without virtual reality it was â€Å"impossible† to train for certain events (Cox 40). Precise forecasts of the weather are not always easy. However, virtual reality has already been incorporated in the study of severe weather, giving forecasters more knowledge and the society more protection. The future is virtual reality, and its benefits will remain immeasurable.

Suspects Need Their Miranda Rights Essays -- Argumentative, Persuasive

In criminal trials, a defendant’s confession often delivers evidence that is influential when it is the primary source of the prosecutor’s evidence. When a suspect is brought into police custody to obtain a confession or a statement, police officers are required to read the Miranda warning if they believe the confession will be used to convict the suspect. The constitutional basis for the Miranda warning and the conditions for a voluntary waiver of the Miranda rights were announced by the U.S. Supreme Court in Miranda v. Arizona. Miranda v. Arizona, announced June, 13 1966, resolved four separate criminal appeals concerning the role of the Fifth Amendment to the Constitution in police interrogations of criminal suspects. An Arizona jury convicted Ernesto Miranda of kidnapping and rape after he signed a confession to the Phoenix detectives. Without a lawyer present, he was questioned by the police for two hours. Three other cases were given the same kind of treatment; Vignera v. New York; California v. Stewart; and Westover v. U.S. The California case had been by the California Supreme Court because there was no evidence that Stewart was told of his rights to counsel and his rights to remain silent. After the California ruling, the U.S Supreme Court declared that the convictions of Ernesto Miranda and the other two convicts as were overturned. In Miranda v. Arizona, the court ruled that any statements or confessions made from a police interrogation of a criminal suspect would be considered involuntary and inadmissible unless the police provided the suspect with four warnings: the right to remain silent; the intent to use the suspect’s statements against the suspect in court; the right to an attorney during questioning; and the... ...anda as an active set of guidelines; which should be continually transformed by the courts to reflect our changing ideas of the privilege against self-incrimination (Rushin, S). Works Cited Oberlander, L. B., & Goldstein, N. E. (2001). A review and update on the practice of evaluating Miranda comprehension. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 19(4), 453-471. doi:10.1002/bsl.453 Rushin, S. (2011). Rethinking Miranda: The Post-Arrest Right to Silence. California Law Review, 99(1), 151-178. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Seaborn, B., Andrews, J. F., & Martin, G. (2010). Deaf Adults and the Comprehension of Miranda.Journal of Forensic Psychology Practice, 10(2), 107-132. doi:10.1080/15228930903446732 Vernon, M., Raifman, L. J., & Greenberg, S. F. (1996). The Miranda Warnings and the Deaf Suspect.Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 14(1), 121-135. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Morning in the Burned House

Morning in the Burned House Margaret Atwood â€Å"Bare child’s feet on the scorched floorboards (I can almost see) In my burning clothes, the thin green shorts And grubby yellow T-shirt Holding my cindery, non-existent, Radiant flesh. Incandescent. † Morning in the Burned House by Margaret Atwood is a poem describing the mind of a burned house and of how it is tormented by pain and evil; and yet, in the midst of this darkness, there is light to guide the soul of the house to safety and into a world of peace and forgiveness.The two stanzas chosen for this analysis are the final two stanzas, in which pain and peace are both shown in different perspectives. â€Å"Bare child’s feet on the scorched floorboards† is metaphorically showing how the house’s soul’s past is connected to the present, how it’s first memories are still in its mind, though everything else is gone. The only thing connecting the house to its past are the footprints on t he floorboards. The â€Å"scorched floorboards† represent the darkness in its life; how darkness has taken over everything in the house’s life and mind.The child’s footprints are also a symbol of guidance; they guide the mind of the house to safety and protection through evil and danger. â€Å"(I can almost see)† describes how the darkness is very thick, the hatred and anger almost hides the light of happiness. The darkness nearly blinds the house’s soul in despair and pain, yet it can faintly see the light of hope on the other side, see that all was well before the tragedy had happened. In my burning clothes, the thin green shorts and grubby yellow T-shirt† is giving the reader a small image of the house itself, of how it is burned to its skeleton, the green shorts being the lawn, the yellow T-shirt being the paint on the walls and the outside of the house. The colors portray the image of happiness and calm, but the word â€Å"grubby† gives it another image. â€Å"Grubby† now tells of how the house, even though it looks fine from a faraway distance, as you move closer, you see there are many flaws, that the house is not as perfect as you imagined.The house is attempting to show its happiness and get over the pain of being burnt and left behind, and yet, in its â€Å"protective shell† there are cracks that grow into crevices over time. â€Å"Holding my cindery, non-existent, radiant flesh† The house’s soul is explaining how these bright colors, though just the outer layer of this house, it holds the real â€Å"house† together, just like the other parts of the house mentioned in the poem such as the spoon, the dishes, and the kettle hold the house together, to keep the house’s mind from collapse and defeat.The flesh is radiant means the core of the house; the â€Å"mind† of the house is still safe, still pure and unsoiled by evil. â€Å"Incandescent† This fin al word of the poem summarizes the whole poem into one word. This one word describes all the positive thoughts, hopes, memories, and wishes of this devastated house, how even at the worst moments and after the tragedy, there is still something good within the house. It represents the goodness of this house, and what it has learned from suffering. But, the word incandescent also represents evil and suffering, because the fire that ruined this house was bright and hot.The fire showed all what pain had done to this house, showed its true feelings. Therefore, incandescent is what completes this poem; it shows both sides of the house’s mind and soul, how it is tortured, and yet, it is still protected by hope. Without incandescence, there would be no fire, and without fire, this poem would never have started, because fire was what caused the house’s soul to discover happiness and learn from pain. The theme of this poem is protection and weakness. Weakness because of torture and consequences, but protection because of hope, belief, and desperation.Most of the poem talks of light or dark, each side representing how the house feels. In the beginning of this poem, you see the bare skeleton of the house, the nakedness without safety. As you read on, and especially into the last stanzas, you feel a sense of protection, as if the house has something more than just its skeleton standing. The final two stanzas (those I have chosen) summarize the house’s feelings, how protection and destruction are linked together, and how one cannot be anything without the other. The last two stanzas also show the character maturing and growing, as they learn to survive.

Minimizing weather disruption in aviation: regard of Heathrow, British Airways and UK aviation system

Introduction More than any other mode of transportation, aviation is significantly affected by weather conditions including fog, thunderstorms, snowstorms, and wind as well as temperature and pressure extremes (Iyengar, 2002). Kulesa (2010) notes two major adverse effects of weather on aviation which are its impact on safety and efficiency of operation. The aviation industry must regularly deal with adverse types of weather to enhance safety while attempting to maintain integrity of flight schedules and to rein in on costs attendant to disruption, a significant budget item in aviation (Qualley, 2009). Weather disruptions at London’s Heathrow Airport in recent years have highlighted vulnerability in the industry. Of note was the adverse snow condition on December 18, 2010an exceptional event with unprecedented volume and speed of snow fall (AOA, 2013; DoT, 2013). This condition was compounded by capacity constraints and consequent lack of operational contingency since Heathrow operates at 9 9% capacity daily and the pre-Christmas period usually has high customer volumes (DoT, 2013; Seabury, 2012). The challenges of the day highlight prevalent problems and potential damage of weather-related disruption. A serious problem exists in the parallel forecast models run in the US and EU which give variations in weather forecasts. Conflicts are particularly often on parameters such as temperature of the day – which defines whether precipitation will fall as rain or snow (DoT, 2013; Qualley, 2009). On this day, weather forecasts and predictions were accurate and congruent and were received on time. Based on extensive experience on the part of British Airways (BA) and National Air Traffic Service (NATS), and in anticipation of greater challenges of disruption, a decision to cancel all BA flights between 1000 and 1700 was arrived at (BA, 2014; UK Parliament, 2011). There was however misjudgement among stakeholders on the severity of prediction and actual weather conditions. In the confusion, Heathrow claimed ‘business as usual’ while BA (its largest carrier) cancelled its schedule. Media reports of continued operations even after eventual closure of airport also undermined the decisive action taken by BA and thousands of passengers continued to turn up for cancelled flights creating chaos (UK Parliament, 2011). The command and control structure was not employed proactively or efficiently (Seabury, 2012). Overall, the airport failed to recover as quickly as it could have done and the impact of the day was extended unnecessarily. BA’s extensive and refined contingency plans for recovery following disruption were not replicated by Heathrow airport and were thus not useful (UK Parliament, 2011; Kulesa, 2010). A lack of forward planning and lack of shared operational experience about the most effective approach for return to efficient regular operations was evident when the airport re-opened (DoT, 2013). Major emphasis was put on the op ening of the runway without regard to the taxiway, apron and stand infrastructure which are also essential for efficient airport operation (Deloitte, 2013; UK Parliament, 2011). The ineffective approach caused many of the problems faced on re-opening and impeded return to normal operations. Eventually, a decision by Heathrow airport to invoke the Scarce Capacity Protocol (SCP) designed to ensure fair and proportionate allocation of access to take-off and landing slots for airlines was reached. This protocol was however overly conservative and difficult to enforce, hindered by policing issues (AOA, 2013; UK Parliament, 2011). Various UK airports have similarly been affected by weather conditions to varying degrees though recovery has usually been swift. A number of these airports remain open to receive long-haul diversions in times of disruption (DoT, 2013; Seabury, 2012). Although weather forecasting would add value to minimization of disruption, AOA, 2013 and Deloitte, 2013 disclos e that none among UK’s civilian airfields has a dedicated forecasting service based on site. Closure, delay, and/or cancellation have far reaching consequences beyond the inconvenience caused to customers which portends erosion of passenger goodwill and loss of future revenue (BA, 2014; Deloitte, 2013). Costs associated with weather disruption vary depending on contingency and elusive to pin down exactly. Direct costs derive from airline operations such as diversion, cancellation, delay or insurance and include listed costs such as: fuel, crew, time, and aircraft operating costs, lost passenger and cargo revenue, hotel accommodation and meals, ground-based employee overtime pay, insurance, etc. (Deloitte, 2013; Seabury, 2012). Disruption, particularly for hub airport operations given their extensive connectivity may have widespread effects affecting myriad flight schedules and airport operations in far flung areas. Seabury, 2012 and Deloitte, 2013 estimate that one diverted f light can cause 2 to 50 flight delays, while a cancelled flight can result in 15 to 20 delays. British Airways has more recently in 2013 and early 2014 been impacted by adverse weather in its operations at home and internationally (particularly the US) and affecting its global network (BA, 2014). In 2012, the airline also suffered mishaps on its Airbus fleet due to the freezing of pilot tubes which feed vital air speed data to on-board computers facilitating the autopilot mode. This led to two emergency landings evidence of the risk weather portends to safe flight linked to the potential damage in loss of life, property as well as repute (BA, 2014; FoE, 2013). This scenario lays out a representation of problems and damages consequent to weather disruption at Heathrow affecting BA and the entire UK aviation system. Steps to minimise the effect of bad weather and the ramifications of decisions to stakeholders Accurate weather forecasts are a priority for safety and efficiency in aviation. This is a primary focus area in order to minimize effects of weather disruption (FoE, 2013; Seabury, 2012)†¦ Accurate information derived from congruent forecasts from numerous agencies enables an effective prediction of the extent of disruption and therefore appropriate response. The use of varied and possibly conflicting forecasts was the probable cause of conflict in the case above creating problems and compounding the issue (Qualley, 2009; Iyengar, 2002). Adverse effects of weather on the industry can be avoided if only airlines and the entire industry work together to interpret such natural phenomena better. Various agencies – both state and private – should participate in accumulating reports and materials on weather patterns useful in the creation of referential databases. These can th en be updated and shared widely across the industry to minimize the impact of adverse events. Uniformity and congruence of information should be aspired to and costs associated with provision of weather information should be addressed (Kulesa, 2010; Qualley, 2009). Despite additional costs, the development of meteorological capacity on site in airports manned by employees or forecast vendors should be made mandatory. This strategy will negatively impact weather forecast contractors and vendors. Timely transmission of forecasts is also essential allowing sufficient lead time for appropriate preparation, and early response (FoE, 2013). Such include the efficient conduct of the intricacies of flight planning such as re-routing, rescheduling, load and fuel balancing, among others, as well as institution of mitigation measures. Open and extensive communication and consultation among various players is paramount for coordinated and effective response towards overall reduction of impact. T his can be achieved through efficient and proactive use of command and control structures and involvement of external entities such as the broadcast media transmitting vital information to customers. During response, focus should be on the entire airfield and mix of essential operations in an interdependent system (Kulesa, 2010). Development of comprehensive and extensive protocols and contingency planning should be undertaken to facilitate response to disruption (Deloitte, 2013; DoT, 2013). These should entail forward planning, strategies and methods to govern operations, as well as effective business continuity plans to mitigate risks to the extent possible. Despite prohibitive costs, use of intricate computer programs in planning and response should be encouraged. Existing policies, protocols and measures should be realigned and restructured for better effectiveness and enforcement mechanisms should be instituted to ensure compliance (Seabury, 2012; UK Parliament, 2011). On-groun d mitigation measures such as de-icing and ploughing of snow should be made mandatory and part of essential procedure. Such measures may not sit well with independent industry players but should be enforced. At the operational level, measures to protect reputation and consequently the potential loss of business from inconvenienced customers should be instituted (Deloitte, 2013). Customer support programs and response centres undertaking such tasks as rebooking, refunds processing, and provision of information are thus essential. Airlines should also create alliances and agreements activated in times of disruption to enable support for affected players and entities (Seabury, 2012). Though it comes at a cost, this will serve to benefit customers and to reduce overall adverse impact of event. Safety measures such as enhanced flight briefings, appropriate pilot training, and continuous streaming of updated current information should be emphasized as weather is unpredictable and subject to change. Overall, comprehensive reviews of incidents and failures and generation of continuous applicable learning for particular locations and scenarios is beneficial. Regarding policy, the expansion of airport capacity at Heathrow and major airports, as well as creation of new airports is essential for better resilience (Deloitte, 2013; Seabury, 2012; DoT, 2013). With no spare capacity, Heathrow is vulnerable to short term operational disruption (BA, 2014; AOA, 2013). Capacity expansion may also enable diversion in times of need easing intense pressure and thus enabling better management of adverse events. Alongside such developments, it is also important to focus on surface connections such as rail and roads to ease pressures of domestic air travel and hence to free some airport capacity (DoT, 2013; Seabury, 2012). They could also serve in times of disruption facilitating diversions and airport transfers. These measures may not be popular however with political players and cust omers seeking convenience. References Airports Operators Association, 2013. The Airport Operator, Amsterdam: AOA. British Airways, 2014. Our Business. Matching capacity to demand. London: BA: Deloitte, 2013. Aviation and Sustainability. Niigita, Japan: Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Department of Transport, 2013. Aviation Policy Framework. Report of Secretary of State for Transport. March 2013. London: HMSO Friends of Earth, 2013. Aviation and Global Climate Change. London: Friends of Earth. Iyengar, J., 2002. â€Å"The Role of Risk in Aviation under Adverse Weather Conditions.† In: Vickery, S., (Ed.) Research Issues. Eli Broad Graduate School of Management. Michigan State University. Decision line: May 2002, Pp. 7-10 Kulesa, G., 2010. Weather and Aviation: How Does Weather Affect the Safety and Operations of Airports and AviationViewed from: http://adds.aviationweather.gov/ on 18th Apr, 2014. Qualley, W., 2009. Impact of Weather and use of Weather Information by Commercial Airline Operations. Texas, US: Amrcorp. Seabury, 2012. Sustainable European Aviation: A position paper. Association of European Airlines and Seabury. Viewed from: www.seaburygroup.com on 22nd Apr, 2014 UK Parliament, 2011. Impact on transport of recent adverse weather conditions: Written evidence from British Airways. Session 2010-11. Viewed from: www.parliament.uk/publicaions&records/commons_select_committee/transport/transport/ on 18th Apr, 2014.

A House in Gross Disorder

A sex scandal – that too accompanied by charges of sodomy, doesn’t sound theoretically convincing enough to be lauded as the chief antagonist of a book that would elaborate the manners of the early seventeenth century English society.The heinous nature of the scandal and the noble family it badly marred collectively demanded a thorough and scrupulous historical documentation that would serve as a bold yet honest evidence of the truth in times of secrecy and puritanical approaches. In A House in Gross Disorder: Sex, Law, and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven, Cynthia Herrup takes up a bold task of chronicling an emperor’s debauchery and the subsequent fall from grace.On the surface, the book vividly records a tale of sodomy, rape, corruption and revenge. But Herrup goes beyond the notions of conventional morality, and excites the readers with an insightful telling of how a man of noble origin was incriminated by a system which was essentially naà ¯ve and passive.Moreov er, the case of the 2nd earl of Castlehaven directly implies the latent anxieties involved with the very structure of power, which can be applicable to modern societies as well. Mervin Touchet, the earl of Castlehaven, was charged with serious offenses of actuating the rape of his own wife and of performing sodomy on one of his servants.This case received so much public attention that researchers have later on found evidential grounds to address to a number of social, religious and ethical issues involving the hindsight of power and authority, tyranny, deviance, legal entailments of suppression, and the inevitable implications of patriarchal domestic setups.A House in Gross Disorder: Sex, Law, and the 2nd Earl of Castlehaven captures the nature of governance that prevailed in the royal court of Castlehaven prior to the grisly events, and how it brought about the condemnation and beheading of the earl in 1631. In a way, the author discusses and explains the situations that led to the debauchery and disorder in the Castlehaven household.It is to be clearly understood that Cynthia Herrup does not merely tell us a shameful event, but she actively engages our consciousness and awareness about the relevance of such an event in contemporary society by collating key points concerning sex, able governance and the role of a transparent and competent legal system. Hence the main thesis argument Cynthia Herrup tries to propagate in the book is not what happened, but why it happened.The Touchets settled in the Castlehaven in 1620 and immediately exercised their sovereign power in the locality. There was an underlying wave of nobility and religious leniency about the way the head of the household directed both the internal as well as external affairs.Despite being an old family dating back to the times of the Norman Conquest in England, the Touchets never really went out to establish a fortunate identity for themselves, partly because of their inheritance and injudicious tr ends of marriage.Eventually it was the convicted earl’s father George Touchet who understood that â€Å"the surest path to wealth and status was a combination of service, supplication, and judicious marriage.† (p. 10) His expertise as a soldier and good administrator was well circulated, fetching him widespread recognition.But his son’s escapades, as Herrup wants us to show, are not to be confused with his own status or credibility. Stuck in a perpetual state of dynamics in terms of religion, politics and law, the stage was almost set for the ensuing chain of events that would bring ignominy to the Castlehaven family. An act of sodomy, according to the Christian convictions, was extremely degrading and morally reproachable offense.Long before the Castlehaven case, the English society was unrelenting in despising such activities. As history has it, the aristocrats in the Elizabethan times were frequently accused with similar charges, the most notable being in the cases of the Earls of Oxford and of Southampton. Due to the passive nature of the mass acceptance of crimes such as rape and sodomy, majority of these cases lay under cover and never really attracted too much attention other than a reviled broadcasting.Even men hailing from blue-blooded families had the grit to stand up to the charges brought against them – presumably for testifying to their self-confidence and beliefs in a patriarchal supremacy. But according to the prevalent Protestant notions, sodomy was typically an un-English crime usually committed by the Italians and the Turkeys who were believed to have very little sense of self-restraint and moral values.But Mervin Touchet was neither an Italian nor a Turkey, nor was he supposed to be stripped off the conventional Protestant values. So the logical question remains – why did he engage in such treachery?Herrup attempts to guide us through the convoluted system of monarchy that somehow isolated many of the young earls in the beginning of their tenures. Lack of traceability in terms of peer connections and the general tenor of mistrust and passivity at the core of the family seemed to generate a deficient measure of ethics for the accused person in contention here.Five chapters are assigned to this book, making the task of unfolding the events and their interpretations a smooth one. The first chapter recounts the history of the Castlehaven’s ancestry, their land acquisitions, and how the premonitions were about to unveil themselves.From the perspective of a historian, this chapter is thoroughly required for the sake of critical research. Herrup introduces in this chapter the obvious difference that prevailed in the moral domains of two of the earls of Castlehaven, resulting in the disorderly affairs at Fonthill Gifford.The second chapter directly goes into the central topic of the book, e. g. the allegations of assistance in rape and sodomy brought against the 2nd earl.From informati ve contexts, this chapter abounds in charges that eventually incriminate the earl on the ground of circumstantial as well as concrete pools of evidence. It was Lord Audley who first brought the disturbing charges against the earl, stating that he was purposefully denied of his inheritance as the earl had an unusual propensity to one of his servants Henry Skipwith.This set the ball in motion as allegations of sexual perversion and provoked acts of sexuality started raining. The Privy Council intervened into the matter and questioned most of the family members, including the accused ones. Finally in 1631, charges against the earl were found legitimate after a prolonged trial and he was convicted of rape and sodomy.Herrup inducts the evidences to support her arguments in the third chapter. The first thematic construct involves the obligation for men to control their emotive responses for the greater good of their families and loved ones. No doubt it was completely taunted by the Castle haven to doom his own fate.The second important argument concerns the faculty of self-respect and honor in dealing with potentially unruly confrontations. This too lacked in the case of the 2nd earl of Castlehaven. The third argument, same as the second one, brings into the forefront of consideration the need to remain firm to sacred religious beliefs.All the three aforementioned arguments can be exemplified in a nutshell. As the head of a domestic setup infested with â€Å"sly servants and unruly women† (p. 74), Touchet engaged in disgraceful activities and supported the same in others (p. 79), and he was alleged to have questionable associations with Roman Catholicism and Ireland (p. 81). Hence the earl was comfortably drawn as debased and therefore, shamefaced for some reason.For the readers, it is virtually impossible to decipher the extent of his guilt, and that is precisely what the author tries to say in the book. It is basically a trial which is to be closely examined in the contemporary social context of deviance, homosexuality, tyranny and power games. So it may easily be inferred that this book is for a select band of readers – those with idiosyncratic viewpoints and a commanding grasp over the Elizabethan history of England.